Key Points
- Use the highest‑yield diagnostic test early; do not let testing delay time‑critical therapy.
- Set objective targets (hemodynamic, neurologic, respiratory) and reassess frequently.
- Plan definitive source control or reperfusion when indicated; document follow‑up and patient education.
Algorithm
- High clinical suspicion → immediate urology consult; NPO and consent.
- If surgical delay and expertise available → attempt manual detorsion (usually medial‑to‑lateral, 'open the book'); reassess perfusion.
- Proceed to urgent scrotal exploration; detorse and assess viability.
- Fixate affected and contralateral testis (bilateral orchiopexy).
- If non‑viable → orchiectomy; counsel on fertility and endocrine follow‑up.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
Severe unilateral scrotal pain with high‑riding, horizontal testis and absent cremasteric reflex suggests torsion. Do not delay urology; consider manual detorsion if OR is not immediately available; urgent exploration with bilateral orchiopexy.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Stabilize ABCs. Initiate guideline‑concordant first‑line therapy with precise dosing and continuous monitoring. Escalate to advanced/procedural interventions based on explicit failure criteria. Define ICU, step‑down, and ward disposition triggers; involve specialty teams early.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Risk varies by comorbidity and precipitants; see citations for condition‑specific data.
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bedside exam (cremasteric reflex) | Key finding | Absent on affected side | High specificity in classic cases |
| Color Doppler ultrasound (if no delay) | Confirmatory | Absent/reduced flow | Do not delay surgery for imaging |
| Urinalysis | Exclude epididymo‑orchitis | Usually normal | Adjunct only |
Pharmacology
| Medication/Intervention | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Analgesia (opioid‑sparing) | Multimodal | Immediate | Pain control | Do not delay OR |
| Antiemetics | Symptomatic | Minutes | Nausea control | — |
| Antibiotics (if orchitis suspected) | Targeted | Hours | Only if infection present | Not routine for torsion |
Prognosis / Complications
- Outcome depends on timeliness of diagnosis and definitive therapy; monitor for complications.
Patient Education / Counseling
- Provide red‑flag education, adherence guidance, and explicit return precautions; arrange timely specialty follow‑up.
References
- EAU Guidelines on Paediatric Urology (Acute Scrotum/Testicular Torsion) 2024 — Link