Oncology

B

• Bladder Carcinoma — Diagnosis, Staging & Management

  Bladder carcinoma, most commonly urothelial carcinoma, classically presents with painless gross or microscopic hematuria and is stratified into non muscle invasive and muscle invasive disease based on depth of invasion. Evaluation centers on cystoscopy with transurethral resection and pathologic staging, with intravesical therapy for non muscle invasive tumors and radical cystectomy or bladder preservation chemoradiation plus systemic immunotherapy or chemotherapy for muscle invasive or metastatic disease.

R

• Renal Cell Carcinoma — Diagnosis, Evaluation & Management

  Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common primary renal malignancy, frequently detected incidentally on imaging but sometimes presenting with hematuria, flank pain, or metastatic symptoms. Diagnosis relies on high-quality cross-sectional imaging with CT or MRI, and management depends on stage and risk, ranging from nephron-sparing surgery or ablation for localized disease to immune checkpoint inhibitor–based combinations and targeted therapy for advanced or metastatic disease.