Key Points
- Use the highest‑yield diagnostic test early; do not let testing delay time‑critical therapy.
- Set objective targets and reassess frequently.
- Plan definitive source control or disease‑specific therapy when indicated; document follow‑up and patient education.
Algorithm
- Recognize shock in at-risk patients; draw cortisol/ACTH if feasible and give hydrocortisone immediately.
- Resuscitate with isotonic fluids and dextrose; correct hyperkalemia/hyponatremia as needed.
- Treat triggers (infection, surgery, steroid withdrawal) and transition to oral taper once stable; educate on stress dosing.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
Life-threatening hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and hypoglycemia in patients with adrenal insufficiency or chronic steroid use. Give hydrocortisone immediately with large-volume isotonic fluids and dextrose; treat triggers such as infection or withdrawal; do not delay steroids for labs.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Stabilize ABCs. Initiate guideline‑concordant first‑line therapy with precise dosing and continuous monitoring. Escalate to advanced/procedural interventions based on explicit failure criteria. Define ICU, step‑down, and ward disposition triggers; involve specialty teams early.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Risk varies by comorbidity and precipitants; see citations for condition‑specific data.
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|
| Serum cortisol/ACTH (before steroids if possible) | Diagnosis | Low cortisol with high ACTH in primary AI | Do not delay therapy |
| BMP, glucose, CBC, cultures | Severity/etiology | Electrolyte derangements and infection | Guide therapy |
| Imaging (CT abdomen) if hemorrhage suspected | Etiology | Adrenal infarct/hemorrhage (e.g., sepsis) | — |
High-Risk & Disposition Triggers
| Trigger | Why it matters | Action |
|---|
| Hypotension/shock refractory to fluids | Life-threatening | Hydrocortisone now; ICU; vasopressors |
| History of chronic steroids or primary AI | High suspicion | Do not delay steroids for labs |
| Fever/infection precipitant | Sepsis overlap | Broad-spectrum antibiotics; source control |
| Hyponatremia/hyperkalemia/hypoglycemia | Electrolyte crises | Aggressive correction |
| Pregnancy or adrenal hemorrhage risk | Complex course | Multidisciplinary care; imaging |
Pharmacology
| Medication/Intervention | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|
| Hydrocortisone 100 mg IV bolus → 50 mg IV q6h | Glucocorticoid | Minutes | First-line stress dosing | Mineralocorticoid effect adequate |
| Isotonic fluids + dextrose | Resuscitation | Minutes | Correct shock and hypoglycemia | Monitor sodium and volume status |
| Broad-spectrum antibiotics (if sepsis suspected) | Antimicrobial | Hours | Treat precipitant | — |
Prognosis / Complications
- Outcome depends on timeliness of diagnosis and definitive therapy; monitor for complications.
Patient Education / Counseling
- Provide red‑flag education, adherence guidance, and explicit return precautions; arrange timely specialty follow‑up.
References
- Endocrine Society guideline on adrenal insufficiency and crisis — Link