Key Points
- Confirm diagnosis early with highest‑yield tests (and do not let testing delay time‑critical therapy).
- Use explicit hemodynamic, respiratory, and neurologic targets to guide escalation.
- Document disposition criteria, follow‑up, and patient education before discharge.
Algorithm
- ICU admit; airway protection if grade III–IV encephalopathy.
- Start IV NAC per protocol regardless of etiology while workup proceeds.
- Etiologic testing: APAP level, viral hepatitis, autoimmune markers, Wilson screen, toxins.
- Hemodynamic optimization; avoid hypotension/hypoxia.
- ICP mitigation: head elevation, hypertonic saline (target Na+ 145–155).
- Avoid sedatives when possible; treat agitation carefully.
- Early transplant center notification; apply King’s College criteria serially.
- Treat specific etiologies (e.g., antivirals for HBV, steroids for autoimmune).
- VTE prophylaxis; stress ulcer and infection surveillance.
- Daily labs (INR, ammonia, bilirubin), serial neuro checks; plan disposition with transplant service.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
Rapid hepatic dysfunction with INR ≥1.5 and encephalopathy in a non‑cirrhotic patient. Start IV N‑acetylcysteine even in non‑acetaminophen cases; manage cerebral edema with head elevation and hypertonic saline; avoid hypoxia/hypotension. Apply King’s College criteria early for transplant referral; evaluate etiologies (acetaminophen, viral, autoimmune, ischemic, Wilson).
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Stabilize ABCs. Initiate guideline‑concordant first‑line therapy with precise dosing and continuous monitoring. Escalate to advanced or procedural interventions when predefined failure criteria are met. Define ICU, step‑down, and ward disposition triggers explicitly, and arrange specialty consultation early.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Risk varies by comorbidity and precipitating factors
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| CBC | Anemia/leukocytosis | Context‑specific | Trend response |
| BMP | Electrolytes/renal | Derangements common | Renal dosing/monitoring |
| Condition‑specific imaging | Per topic | Diagnostic hallmark | Do not delay with red flags |
| Ammonia, ABG | Encephalopathy severity | Elevated ammonia | Guide ICP risk |
| Viral serologies/autoimmune panel | Etiology | HBV/HAV, ANA/ASMA, IgG | Targeted therapy where applicable |
Pharmacology
| Medication | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N‑acetylcysteine (IV) | Glutathione precursor | Hours | Improves outcomes beyond APAP ALF | Anaphylactoid reactions |
| Hypertonic saline (3%) | Osmotic agent | Minutes | ICP management | Monitor Na+ rise; avoid mannitol if renal failure |
| Vitamin K | Coagulation support | Hours | Corrects deficiency‑mediated coagulopathy | Limited effect in ALF |
Prognosis / Complications
- Outcome depends on timeliness of diagnosis and definitive therapy
Patient Education / Counseling
- Explain red flags, adherence, and the follow‑up plan; provide written instructions.
References
- See bibliography — Link