Key Points
- Use the highest‑yield diagnostic test early; do not let testing delay time‑critical therapy.
- Set objective targets (hemodynamic, neurologic, respiratory) and reassess frequently.
- Plan definitive source control or disease‑specific therapy when indicated; document follow‑up and patient education.
Algorithm
- Diagnose SAH with CT; perform LP if CT negative and strong suspicion.
- Start nimodipine; control BP to minimize rebleed risk; admit to neuro‑ICU.
- Secure aneurysm early (coiling/clipping) with neurosurgery/interventional neuroradiology.
- Monitor for hydrocephalus (consider EVD), hyponatremia, and vasospasm/DCI with TCD and exam.
- Initiate DVT prophylaxis when safe; plan rehab and outpatient follow‑up.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
Abrupt severe headache with or without focal deficits; CT ± LP for diagnosis. Start nimodipine for vasospasm prophylaxis, manage BP, and secure aneurysm early via coiling or clipping; monitor for hydrocephalus, hyponatremia, and DCI in a neuro‑ICU.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Stabilize ABCs. Initiate guideline‑concordant first‑line therapy with precise dosing and continuous monitoring. Escalate to advanced/procedural interventions based on explicit failure criteria. Define ICU, step‑down, and ward disposition triggers; involve specialty teams early.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Risk varies by comorbidity and precipitants; see citations for condition‑specific data.
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non‑contrast head CT ± LP | Diagnosis | SAH detection | LP for xanthochromia when CT negative |
| CTA/DSA | Aneurysm identification | Target lesion | Plan intervention |
| TCD and serum sodium | Complications | Vasospasm/DCI, hyponatremia | Trend in ICU |
Pharmacology
| Medication/Intervention | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nimodipine 60 mg PO q4h (or 30 mg q2h) | DHP CCB | Hours | Reduces poor outcomes via DCI risk reduction | Hypotension monitoring |
| Nicardipine/clevidipine infusion | Antihypertensive | Minutes | BP control pre‑secure | Avoid hypotension |
| Hypertonic saline (selected) | Osmotic | Minutes | Treat hyponatremia/cerebral edema | Monitor sodium rise |
Prognosis / Complications
- Outcome depends on timeliness of diagnosis and definitive therapy; monitor for complications.
Patient Education / Counseling
- Provide red‑flag education, adherence guidance, and explicit return precautions; arrange timely specialty follow‑up.
References
- AHA/ASA Guideline for Aneurysmal SAH (latest) — Link