Key Points
- Stabilize ABCs; begin targeted evaluation without delaying life-saving therapy.
- Use system-specific risk tools to guide testing and disposition.
- Order high-yield tests first; escalate imaging when indicated.
- Start evidence-based initial therapy and reassess frequently.
Algorithm
- Primary survey and vitals; IV access and monitors.
- Focused history/physical; identify red flags and likely etiologies.
- Order system-appropriate labs and imaging (see Investigations).
- Initiate guideline-based empiric therapy (see Pharmacology).
- Reassess response; arrange consultation and definitive management.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
DVT should be considered in unilateral limb swelling, pain, and erythema, particularly with recent surgery, immobility, cancer, or prior VTE. Use Wells score to categorize probability and apply D‑dimer in low/intermediate risk; duplex ultrasonography confirms diagnosis. Evaluate for PE symptoms and bleeding risk to plan therapy.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Anticoagulate with DOACs for most patients, LMWH for cancer, and heparin/warfarin when DOACs are unsuitable. Consider catheter‑directed therapy for limb‑threatening iliofemoral DVT (phlegmasia). Plan duration based on provoking factors; provide compression for symptom control and counsel on recurrence risks. Outpatient management is appropriate for reliable, low‑risk patients; admit if extensive clot burden, high bleeding risk, or comorbidity.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Atherosclerotic risk (HTN, DM, HLD, smoking)
- Age/family history of premature CAD
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| EKG | Rhythm/ischemia | ST-T changes/arrhythmia | Serial |
| Troponin | Myocardial injury | Dynamic rise/fall | Trend |
| CXR | Pulmonary edema/size | Cardiomegaly/edema | |
| BMP/Mg2+ | Electrolytes/renal | Derangements | |
| CBC/Coags | Bleeding risk | Abnormal/INR |
When to Image
| Scenario | Plan |
|---|---|
| Low probability and negative D dimer | No imaging |
| Intermediate probability or positive D dimer | Compression ultrasound |
| High probability | Ultrasound and consider empiric anticoagulation |
Pharmacology
| Medication | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enoxaparin (LMWH) | Xa>IIa inhibition | Hours | Initial AC | Avoid severe renal failure; ED use |
| Apixaban/Rivaroxaban | Factor Xa inhibition | Hours | Outpatient/inpatient therapy | Bleeding; interactions; ED use |
| Warfarin (selected) | Vitamin K antagonist | Days | Mechanical valves/antiphospholipid | INR monitoring; ED use |
Prognosis / Complications
- Prognosis by ischemic burden/LV function
- Arrhythmias and HF are complications
Patient Education / Counseling
- Explain red flags and when to seek emergent care.
- Reinforce medication adherence and follow-up plan.
Notes
Consider iliac or IVC thrombosis in extensive swelling with negative leg ultrasound. Adjust strategy for pregnancy or cancer.
References
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