Key Points
- Use the highest‑yield diagnostic test early; do not let testing delay time‑critical therapy.
- Set objective targets and reassess frequently.
- Plan definitive source control or disease‑specific therapy when indicated; document follow‑up and patient education.
Algorithm
- Draw cultures and labs; start antipseudomonal IV antibiotics within 60 minutes.
- Risk‑stratify for admission vs outpatient; daily reassessment.
- Escalate to antifungals if persistent fever or instability; adjust per cultures and imaging.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
Defined as fever with ANC <500 (or expected). Start broad‑spectrum IV antibiotics within 60 minutes of presentation. Use MASCC/CISNE scores to triage for inpatient vs outpatient therapy; add antifungal coverage if persistent fever after 4–7 days or earlier if instability or imaging suggests fungal disease.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Stabilize ABCs. Initiate guideline‑concordant first‑line therapy with precise dosing and continuous monitoring. Escalate to advanced/procedural interventions based on explicit failure criteria. Define ICU, step‑down, and ward disposition triggers; involve specialty teams early.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Risk varies by comorbidity and precipitants; see citations for condition‑specific data.
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|
| CBC with differential and blood cultures (peripheral + line) | Diagnosis | Confirm neutropenia; identify pathogen | — |
| CXR/CT chest and urinalysis | Source | Common foci | — |
| MASCC/CISNE risk scores | Disposition | Guide site of care | — |
High-Risk & Disposition Triggers
| Trigger | Why it matters | Action |
|---|
| ANC <500 with sepsis criteria or hypotension | High mortality | Broad IV antibiotics within 60 min; ICU |
| CVC infection or pneumonia imaging | Source | Adjust coverage; IR/surgery if needed |
| Mucositis with odynophagia | Enteric translocation | Add anaerobic coverage if indicated |
| Persistent fever >72 h | Resistant/fungal | Broaden incl. antifungals |
| Poor performance status or comorbidities | Disposition | Admit even if low-risk scores borderline |
Pharmacology
| Medication/Intervention | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|
| Piperacillin‑tazobactam, Cefepime, or Meropenem | Empiric antibiotics | Hours | Antipseudomonal coverage | Tailor to cultures |
| Add Vancomycin for catheter infection, MRSA concerns, or instability | Gram‑positive coverage | Hours | Selected indications | De‑escalate if no target |
| Antifungal therapy (echinocandin/voriconazole) if persistent fever 4–7 days | Antifungal escalation | Days | High‑risk or persistent fever | Guided by imaging/markers |
Prognosis / Complications
- Outcome depends on timeliness of diagnosis and definitive therapy; monitor for complications.
Patient Education / Counseling
- Provide red‑flag education, adherence guidance, and explicit return precautions; arrange timely specialty follow‑up.
References
- IDSA/ASCO febrile neutropenia guidelines — Link