Key Points
- Use the highest‑yield diagnostic test early; do not let testing delay time‑critical therapy.
- Set objective targets (hemodynamic, neurologic, respiratory) and reassess frequently.
- Plan definitive source control or immunomodulation when indicated; document follow‑up and patient education.
Algorithm
- Calculate 4Ts score; if low, consider alternate diagnosis and avoid testing.
- If intermediate/high → stop all heparin immediately; avoid platelet transfusions unless bleeding.
- Start non‑heparin anticoagulant; send PF4 ELISA ± functional assay (SRA).
- If confirmed, continue anticoagulation (usually 4–6 weeks if no thrombosis; 3 months if thrombosis).
- Avoid heparin in future; document allergy and provide patient education.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
Immune‑mediated thrombocytopenia with thrombosis risk 5–10 days after heparin exposure. Use 4Ts score for pretest probability, stop all heparin, send PF4 immunoassay with functional testing as needed, and start a non‑heparin anticoagulant while awaiting confirmatory testing.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Stabilize ABCs. Initiate guideline‑concordant first‑line therapy with precise dosing and continuous monitoring. Escalate to advanced or procedural interventions based on explicit failure criteria. Define ICU, step‑down, and ward disposition triggers; involve specialty teams early.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Risk varies by comorbidity and precipitants; see citations for condition‑specific data.
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4Ts score | Pretest probability | Low/Intermediate/High | Guides testing/management |
| PF4/heparin ELISA | Screening | OD‑based result | High OD predicts HIT |
| Serotonin release assay (SRA) | Confirmation | Positive in true HIT | Send if ELISA positive |
Pharmacology
| Medication/Intervention | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argatroban infusion | Direct thrombin inhibitor | Minutes | First‑line in hepatic/renal dysfunction considerations | Monitor aPTT; affects INR |
| Bivalirudin infusion | Direct thrombin inhibitor | Minutes | Alternative esp. peri‑procedural | Short half‑life |
| Fondaparinux (off‑label) | Factor Xa inhibitor | Hours | Stable patients without renal failure | Avoid if CrCl <30 |
Prognosis / Complications
- Outcome depends on timeliness of diagnosis and definitive therapy; monitor for complications.
Patient Education / Counseling
- Provide red‑flag education, adherence guidance, and explicit return precautions; arrange timely specialty follow‑up.
References
- ASH Clinical Practice Guidelines for HIT (2018) + Pocket Guide — Link