Key Points
- Use the highest‑yield diagnostic test early; do not let testing delay time‑critical therapy.
- Set objective targets and reassess frequently.
- Plan definitive source control or disease‑specific therapy when indicated; document follow‑up and patient education.
Algorithm
- Suspect NSTI → start broad antibiotics and resuscitate.
- Immediate surgical debridement; repeat debridements until viable tissue only.
- Tailor antibiotics; supportive care; consider IVIG in streptococcal toxic shock.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
NSTI is a surgical emergency. High suspicion with pain out of proportion, bullae, crepitus, or systemic toxicity mandates immediate broad-spectrum antibiotics and urgent operative debridement; repeat debridements are common. Add clindamycin for toxin suppression in suspected streptococcal/staphylococcal disease.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Stabilize ABCs. Initiate guideline‑concordant first‑line therapy with precise dosing and continuous monitoring. Escalate to advanced/procedural interventions based on explicit failure criteria. Define ICU, step‑down, and ward disposition triggers; involve specialty teams early.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Risk varies by comorbidity and precipitants; see citations for condition‑specific data.
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|
| Clinical exam ± LRINEC (supportive only) | Diagnosis | Do not delay OR for labs/imaging | — |
| CT/MRI (if stable) | Extent | Gas/fascial edema/fluid | Adjunct only |
| Blood/tissue cultures | Microbiology | Guide therapy | — |
High-Risk & Disposition Triggers
| Trigger | Why it matters | Action |
|---|
| Pain out of proportion, bullae, crepitus, or rapid progression | NSTI likely | Emergency surgical debridement; ICU |
| Sepsis/shock | High mortality | Broad-spectrum antibiotics; resuscitation; repeat debridements |
| Immunosuppression/diabetes | Severe course | Low threshold for OR |
| Anatomic compartments involved (perineum/Fournier) | Rapid spread | Multidisciplinary surgery |
| Delay to source control >6 h | Worse outcomes | Expedite OR now |
Pharmacology
| Medication/Intervention | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|
| Immediate OR debridement; repeat as needed | Source control | Immediate | Cornerstone of treatment | — |
| Broad-spectrum IV antibiotics (e.g., piperacillin-tazobactam + vancomycin ± clindamycin) | Empiric | Hours | Cover polymicrobial/streptococcal/MRSA | Tailor to cultures |
| Clindamycin add-on | Toxin suppression | Hours | Reduces exotoxin production | — |
Prognosis / Complications
- Outcome depends on timeliness of diagnosis and definitive therapy; monitor for complications.
Patient Education / Counseling
- Provide red‑flag education, adherence guidance, and explicit return precautions; arrange timely specialty follow‑up.
References
- IDSA skin/soft tissue infection guidance — Link