Key Points
- Use the highest‑yield diagnostic test early; do not let testing delay time‑critical therapy.
- Set objective targets (hemodynamic, neurologic, respiratory) and reassess frequently.
- Plan definitive source control or immunomodulation when indicated; document follow‑up and patient education.
Algorithm
- Apply compression and topical vasoconstrictor/anesthetic; suction clots.
- Visualize and cauterize anterior source if seen.
- If bleeding persists or posterior suspected → posterior packing device; consult ENT.
- Address anticoagulants/antiplatelets and reversal as appropriate; arrange follow‑up.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
Manage airway and hemodynamics first. Apply topical vasoconstrictor/anesthetic, direct pressure, and cautery for anterior bleeds; use tranexamic acid–soaked pledgets as adjunct. Posterior packing and ENT consultation for uncontrolled or posterior sources.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Stabilize ABCs. Initiate guideline‑concordant first‑line therapy with precise dosing and continuous monitoring. Escalate to advanced or procedural interventions based on explicit failure criteria. Define ICU, step‑down, and ward disposition triggers; involve specialty teams early.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Risk varies by comorbidity and precipitants; see citations for condition‑specific data.
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Airway and hemodynamic assessment | Safety | Hypoxia, hypotension | — |
| Anterior rhinoscopy | Source identification | Kiesselbach plexus common | — |
| Coagulation profile/meds | Bleeding risk | Anticoagulants/antiplatelets | Reversal where appropriate |
Pharmacology
| Medication/Intervention | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxymetazoline + topical anesthetic | Vasoconstrictor | Minutes | First‑line anterior control | Tachyphylaxis if prolonged |
| Tranexamic acid (500–1000 mg topical) | Antifibrinolytic | Minutes | Adjunct for refractory anterior bleeds | Evidence mixed; low risk |
| Antibiotic prophylaxis (selected) | Infection prevention | Hours | If posterior packing/long duration | Practice varies |
Prognosis / Complications
- Outcome depends on timeliness of diagnosis and definitive therapy; monitor for complications.
Patient Education / Counseling
- Provide red‑flag education, adherence guidance, and explicit return precautions; arrange timely specialty follow‑up.
References
- AAO‑HNSF Clinical Practice Guideline: Nosebleed (Epistaxis) (2020) — Link