Key Points
- Use the highest‑yield diagnostic test early; do not let testing delay time‑critical therapy.
- Set objective targets and reassess frequently.
- Plan definitive source control or disease‑specific therapy when indicated; document follow‑up and patient education.
Algorithm
- Assess TLS risk; start hydration; choose allopurinol vs rasburicase appropriately.
- Monitor labs frequently and treat electrolyte derangements per protocol.
- Escalate to dialysis for refractory complications; plan secondary prevention for future cycles.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
High‑grade hematologic malignancies carry TLS risk at chemo initiation. Stratify risk; give aggressive hydration, allopurinol for low‑moderate risk, or rasburicase for high‑risk or established hyperuricemia. Monitor electrolytes closely; treat hyperkalemia/hyperphosphatemia; consider early dialysis for AKI.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Stabilize ABCs. Initiate guideline‑concordant first‑line therapy with precise dosing and continuous monitoring. Escalate to advanced/procedural interventions based on explicit failure criteria. Define ICU, step‑down, and ward disposition triggers; involve specialty teams early.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Risk varies by comorbidity and precipitants; see citations for condition‑specific data.
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|
| Risk stratification (disease burden, LDH, baseline uric acid) | Prevention | Identify high‑risk patients | Plan prophylaxis |
| Serial electrolytes/uric acid and urine output | Monitoring | Detect TLS early | Telemetry |
| Baseline renal ultrasound (selected) | Adjunct | Obstruction or stones | — |
High-Risk & Disposition Triggers
| Trigger | Why it matters | Action |
|---|
| Bulky/high-grade lymphoma or ALL starting chemo | TLS risk | Prophylaxis (hydration + rasburicase/allopurinol); ICU if severe |
| Rising K+, phosphorus; falling Ca2+ | Arrhythmia/seizure risk | Aggressive correction; telemetry |
| AKI/oliguria | Renal failure | Dialysis consult early |
| Uric acid >8–10 mg/dL despite prophylaxis | Failure | Rasburicase; escalate |
| Sepsis or tumor burden progression | Complex course | Onc + ICU co-management |
Pharmacology
| Medication/Intervention | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|
| Aggressive IV hydration (2–3 L/m²/day) | Renal protection | Hours‑days | Maintain urine output | Avoid overload |
| Allopurinol 300 mg/day (or 100 mg TID) for prevention | Xanthine oxidase inhibition | Days | Low/mod risk prophylaxis | Adjust in CKD |
| Rasburicase 0.1–0.2 mg/kg IV (or fixed dose) | Uricase | Hours | Rapidly lowers uric acid | G6PD deficiency contraindication |
| Electrolyte management protocols; dialysis for refractory hyperkalemia/AKI | Supportive | Hours | Prevent complications | — |
Prognosis / Complications
- Outcome depends on timeliness of diagnosis and definitive therapy; monitor for complications.
Patient Education / Counseling
- Provide red‑flag education, adherence guidance, and explicit return precautions; arrange timely specialty follow‑up.
References
- ASCO/ASH TLS guidance — Link