Anesthesiology

D

• Difficult Airway Strategy - Plan A B C with Rescue Options

  Prepare a stepwise plan with video laryngoscopy, supraglottic airway, and awake techniques when indicated; prioritize oxygenation and early call for help.

E

• Extubation Strategies — High‑Risk Airways

  Plan extubation carefully in patients with edema, OSA/obesity, airway surgery, or difficult intubation. Use cuff‑leak tests, steroids, airway exchange catheters, and staged extubation techniques.

L

• Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity - Lipid Emulsion and Resuscitation

  Recognize CNS and cardiovascular toxicity after local anesthetic exposure; stop injection, manage airway and seizures, give lipid emulsion, and use modified ACLS avoiding large epinephrine doses and vasopressin.
• Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity — Recognition & Treatment

  Recognize CNS and cardiovascular toxicity early; stop injection, call for help, and start lipid emulsion promptly while supporting airway/circulation.

M

• Malignant Hyperthermia — Dantrolene Protocol and Anesthetic Crisis Management

  Hypermetabolic crisis triggered by volatile anesthetics or succinylcholine. Stop triggers, call MH cart, give dantrolene promptly, and institute aggressive cooling and supportive care; treat hyperkalemia and acidosis, monitor for recrudescence.
• Malignant Hyperthermia Crisis - Dantrolene and Supportive Care

  Stop triggering agents, call for help, give dantrolene promptly, treat hyperkalemia and acidosis, and actively cool while monitoring for complications and recurrence.
• Multimodal Analgesia - Opioid Sparing Perioperative Plan

  Combine acetaminophen, NSAIDs when appropriate, regional anesthesia, and adjuncts to reduce opioid use and improve pain control with individualized contraindication checks.

N

• Neuraxial Anesthesia and Anticoagulation - Timing and Catheter Management

  Time neuraxial placement and catheter removal around anticoagulants to reduce hematoma risk; use agent specific intervals and avoid concurrent dosing near catheter manipulation.
• Neuromuscular Blockade Reversal - Sugammadex and Neostigmine

  Quantitative train of four monitoring guides timing; use sugammadex for aminosteroid block and neostigmine with antimuscarinic for others, avoiding premature extubation.

O

• Obstetric Hemorrhage — Anesthesia Management

  Prioritize team activation, massive transfusion, uterotonics, tranexamic acid, and hemorrhage control while protecting the airway. Use goal‑directed resuscitation and fibrinogen monitoring.
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea - Perioperative Risk and Monitoring

  Screen with simple tools and plan airway, analgesia, and monitoring; minimize opioids, use regional techniques, and ensure postoperative observation tailored to risk.
• One Lung Ventilation - Placement and Ventilation Basics

  Select double lumen tube or bronchial blocker, confirm with bronchoscopy, and use lung protective ventilation with recruitment and appropriate FiO2 during one lung ventilation.

P

• Perioperative Anaphylaxis - Recognition and Epinephrine First

  Suspect during hypotension, bronchospasm, or rash after drug or latex exposure; give epinephrine promptly, support airway and circulation, and send tryptase with allergy referral.
• Perioperative Glycemic Control — Targets & Insulin

  Target 80–180 mg/dL for most surgical patients; avoid hypoglycemia. Use basal‑bolus or insulin infusion protocols and hold/adjust non‑insulin agents appropriately.
• Perioperative Hypotension - Causes and Vasopressor Choices

  Treat underlying cause and use vasopressors such as phenylephrine or ephedrine for common scenarios; escalate to norepinephrine or epinephrine when shock persists.
• Perioperative Temperature Management - Active Warming and Monitoring

  Prevent inadvertent hypothermia with forced air warming, warmed fluids, and temperature monitoring; maintain normothermia to reduce infection and bleeding risk.
• Postoperative Delirium — Prevention & Management

  Prevent with multicomponent strategies; identify high‑risk patients; use CAM/CAM‑ICU for detection; treat causes and minimize deliriogenic meds; use antipsychotics only for severe agitation jeopardizing safety.
• Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting - Risk Score and Multimodal Prophylaxis

  Estimate risk using simple scores and give multimodal prophylaxis with agents from different classes; use rescue from a different class if vomiting occurs.
• Preoperative Assessment - ASA Class, Functional Capacity, and Risk Optimization

  Use ASA class and functional capacity with targeted testing to estimate perioperative risk; optimize comorbidities, medications, and airway plan before surgery.
• Preoperative Fasting - Clear Liquids and Carbohydrate Drinks

  Allow clear liquids up to two hours before anesthesia in typical patients; use longer intervals for solids and individualize in high risk aspiration scenarios.

R

• Rapid Sequence Induction - Anesthesia Checklist and Essentials

  For high aspiration risk, perform thorough preoxygenation, induce anesthesia, apply cricoid selectively per policy, and use fast acting neuromuscular blockade with minimal positive pressure until airway secured.
• Rapid Sequence Induction — High Aspiration Risk

  For high aspiration risk, employ optimized preoxygenation, rapid induction with cricoid pressure only if trained/indicated, and immediate paralysis/intubation; avoid mask ventilation unless hypoxic.
• Regional Anesthesia for Hip Fracture — Fascia Iliaca/Capsular Blocks

  Fascia iliaca and pericapsular nerve group (PENG) blocks provide superior analgesia for hip fracture, facilitating positioning and reducing opioids. Use ultrasound guidance and adequate volumes.

T

• Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) — Indications & Setup

  TIVA provides hypnosis/analgesia via IV infusions (e.g., propofol ± remifentanil/ketamine). Indicated for PONV risk, airway surgery, neuromonitoring, MH susceptibility, and when volatile avoidance desired.

U

• Ultrasound‑Guided Peripheral IVs — Tips & Tricks

  Use ultrasound to cannulate deep forearm/brachial veins when landmarks fail. Prioritize vein selection, catheter length, needle‑tip visualization, and securement to prevent early failure.