Key Points
- Stabilize ABCs; begin targeted evaluation without delaying life-saving therapy.
- Use system-specific risk tools to guide testing and disposition.
- Order high-yield tests first; escalate imaging when indicated.
- Start evidence-based initial therapy and reassess frequently.
Algorithm
- Primary survey and vitals; IV access and monitors.
- Focused history/physical; identify red flags and likely etiologies.
- Order system-appropriate labs and imaging (see Investigations).
- Initiate guideline-based empiric therapy (see Pharmacology).
- Reassess response; arrange consultation and definitive management.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
For Postoperative Nausea Vomiting Prophylaxis Risk Score, frame the differential by acuity and pathophysiology, then align diagnostics to the leading hypotheses. Prioritize stabilization while obtaining high‑yield studies such as CBC (Baseline hematology), BMP (Electrolytes/renal). Incorporate bedside imaging and targeted labs to define severity and identify complications; synthesize results with clinical trajectory to refine the working diagnosis and disposition needs.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Initiate disease‑directed therapy alongside supportive care, titrating to objective response. Pharmacologic options commonly include Analgesia/Antipyretics. Use validated frameworks (e.g., Common Antiemetic Classes) to guide escalation and site of care. Address precipitating factors, de‑escalate empiric therapies with data, and arrange follow‑up for monitoring and risk‑factor modification; admit patients with instability, high risk of deterioration, or needs for close monitoring.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Risk factors vary by condition and patient profile
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| CBC | Baseline hematology | Abnormal counts | |
| BMP | Electrolytes/renal | Derangements |
Common Antiemetic Classes
| Class | Example |
|---|---|
| 5 HT3 antagonist | Ondansetron |
| Corticosteroid | Dexamethasone |
| Dopamine antagonist | Droperidol or metoclopramide |
Pharmacology
| Medication | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lidocaine (local) | Na⁺ channel blockade | Minutes | Local anesthesia for biopsy/FNA | LAST (rare) |
| Epinephrine (with local) | α-agonist vasoconstriction | Minutes | ↓ bleeding, prolong anesthesia | Tissue ischemia (avoid end-arterial sites) |
| Prophylactic antibiotics (not routine) | N/A | N/A | Use only for specific high-risk fields per protocol | — |
Prognosis / Complications
- Prognosis depends on severity, comorbidities, and timeliness of care
Patient Education / Counseling
- Explain red flags and when to seek emergent care.
- Reinforce medication adherence and follow-up plan.
Notes
Document baseline risk factors such as female sex, non smoking, prior PONV, and postoperative opioid use.