Key Points
- Use the highest‑yield diagnostic test early; do not let testing delay time‑critical therapy.
- Set objective targets (hemodynamic, neurologic, respiratory) and reassess frequently.
- Plan definitive source control or disease‑specific therapy when indicated; document follow‑up and patient education.
Algorithm
- Suspect BB ingestion → keep NPO; give honey (home/EMS) or sucralfate (ED) if ≥1 year and safe.
- Obtain AP/lateral radiographs; if esophageal location → emergent endoscopic removal.
- Inspect entire esophagus/stomach; treat mucosal injury; avoid neutralizing agents/inducing emesis.
- Post‑removal: risk‑stratify for delayed complications; arrange GI/ENT follow‑up and counseling.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
Esophageal button batteries cause caustic injury within hours. Administer honey or sucralfate en route/ED for children ≥1 year when safe, obtain immediate radiographs, and remove esophageal batteries emergently; follow a structured pathway for post‑removal evaluation and delayed complications.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Stabilize ABCs. Initiate guideline‑concordant first‑line therapy with precise dosing and continuous monitoring. Escalate to advanced/procedural interventions based on explicit failure criteria. Define ICU, step‑down, and ward disposition triggers; involve specialty teams early.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Risk varies by comorbidity and precipitants; see citations for condition‑specific data.
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| AP/Lateral neck/chest X‑rays | Localization | Double rim/step‑off sign | Identify level |
| Endoscopy (esophageal) | Definitive management | Immediate removal | Assess mucosal injury |
| Follow‑up imaging/contrast (selected) | Complications | Fistula/stricture risk | Per guideline |
Pharmacology
| Medication/Intervention | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Honey 10 mL q10 min up to 6 doses (≥1 year, pre‑hospital/ED) | Protective agent | Immediate | Reduces injury severity pre‑removal | Avoid if airway compromise |
| Sucralfate 1 g (slurry) q10 min up to 3 doses | Mucosal protectant | Immediate | ED setting pre‑removal | Contraindications per GI |
| Proton pump inhibitor (post‑removal) | Acid suppression | Hours | Promote healing | Duration per injury grade |
Prognosis / Complications
- Outcome depends on timeliness of diagnosis and definitive therapy; monitor for complications.
Patient Education / Counseling
- Provide red‑flag education, adherence guidance, and explicit return precautions; arrange timely specialty follow‑up.
References
- National Button Battery Task Force/NASPGHAN guidance (latest) — Link