Pediatrics

A

• ADHD in Children — Diagnosis & Treatment

  Use DSM‑5 criteria with impairment in ≥2 settings; combine behavioral therapy and school supports; stimulants are first‑line pharmacotherapy with careful monitoring and shared decision‑making.
• Autism Spectrum Disorder — Screening & Early Intervention

  Screen at 18 and 24 months; use M‑CHAT‑R/F and developmental surveillance; early referral to intervention services improves outcomes; evaluate for comorbidities and genetic etiologies when indicated.

B

• Bronchiolitis - Supportive Care and High Flow Nasal Cannula

  Provide supportive care with hydration and nasal suctioning; consider high flow nasal cannula for moderate to severe distress and avoid routine bronchodilators or steroids.
• Button Battery Ingestion (Pediatrics) — Honey/Sucralfate, Urgent Removal, and Follow‑Up

  Esophageal button batteries cause caustic injury within hours. Administer honey or sucralfate en route/ED for children ≥1 year when safe, obtain immediate radiographs, and remove esophageal batteries emergently; follow a structured pathway for post‑removal evaluation and delayed complications.

C

• Child Maltreatment - Recognition, Documentation, and Safety

  Maintain high suspicion for inconsistent histories and sentinel injuries; document carefully, follow reporting laws, and ensure the child is safe while coordinating multidisciplinary evaluation.
• Constipation in Children — Evaluation & Treatment

  Functional constipation is common; use Rome criteria and exclude red flags; treat with disimpaction, maintenance laxatives (PEG), and behavioral interventions.
• Croup - Dexamethasone and Nebulized Epinephrine

  Barking cough and inspiratory stridor suggest croup; give dexamethasone to all and nebulized epinephrine for moderate to severe symptoms with observation.
• Croup with Impending Respiratory Failure — Racemic Epinephrine and Steroids

  Severe laryngotracheitis with stridor at rest, retractions, and hypoxia. Provide humidified oxygen, nebulized racemic epinephrine with observation for rebound, and systemic corticosteroids; prepare for advanced airway if deteriorating.

E

• Early‑Onset Neonatal Sepsis — Evaluation & Management

  Stratify risk using maternal factors and neonatal exam; use multivariate risk calculators or categorical approach; obtain blood cultures when treating; narrow/stop antibiotics by 36–48 h if cultures negative and infant well.

F

• Failure to Thrive — Evaluation & Nutrition

  FTT is inadequate growth from insufficient intake, malabsorption, or increased needs. Use detailed feeding history and growth charts; prioritize outpatient, family‑centered strategies and targeted labs.
• Febrile Infant 29 to 60 Days - ED Algorithm

  Use risk stratification with urinalysis, inflammatory markers, and blood culture to determine need for lumbar puncture, antibiotics, and admission versus outpatient care.

H

• Hand‑Foot‑and‑Mouth Disease — Diagnosis & Care

  Viral exanthem (Coxsackie/enteroviruses) with oral ulcers and vesicular rash on hands/feet; supportive care with hydration and pain control; counsel on contagion and complications.

I

• Intussusception (Pediatrics) — Ultrasound Diagnosis and Pneumatic Enema Reduction

  Episodic colicky pain, vomiting, and currant‑jelly stools in infants/toddlers. Diagnose with ultrasound (target/doughnut sign) and reduce with air enema under fluoroscopy/US when no perforation; operate if peritonitis, perforation, or failed enema.
• Intussusception - Diagnosis and Air Enema Reduction

  Intermittent colicky pain with lethargy or currant jelly stools suggests intussusception; use ultrasound for diagnosis and perform air enema reduction with surgical backup.

K

• Kawasaki Disease - Diagnosis, IVIG, and Aspirin

  Prolonged fever with mucocutaneous findings suggests Kawasaki disease; give IVIG and aspirin, obtain echocardiography, and monitor for coronary involvement.

M

• Measles — Recognition, PEP, and Public Health

  Highly contagious airborne disease; recognize prodrome and rash; isolate immediately; give PEP with MMR vaccine or immune globulin per timing; report to public health promptly.
• Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children - Recognition and Initial Therapy

  Post infectious hyperinflammatory syndrome after SARS CoV 2; recognize fever with organ involvement, exclude alternate diagnoses, and start IVIG with steroids and antithrombotic therapy per risk.

N

• Neonatal Fever (≤60 Days) — AAP Risk-Stratified Sepsis Evaluation and Management

  Well-appearing febrile infants require age-based risk stratification per AAP (0–28 days vs 29–60 days) using inflammatory markers and urinalysis; obtain cultures as indicated. Admit and treat with IV antibiotics if high risk; consider outpatient management with close follow-up for low risk.
• Neonatal Fever 0 to 28 Days - Sepsis Evaluation and Management

  Any rectal temperature 38 C or higher in infants 28 days or younger warrants full sepsis evaluation, empiric IV antibiotics, and admission.
• Neonatal Jaundice - Phototherapy Thresholds and Workup

  Assess risk by age in hours and risk factors; start phototherapy at guideline thresholds, evaluate for hemolysis, and ensure follow up after discharge.
• Neonatal Jaundice — Risk Stratification & Phototherapy

  Use age‑in‑hours bilirubin nomograms and risk factors to guide phototherapy/exchange decisions; ensure adequate feeding; evaluate for hemolysis and cholestasis when indicated.
• Nursemaid’s Elbow — Reduction & Counseling

  Radial head subluxation from axial traction; clinical diagnosis; treat with supination‑flexion or hyperpronation technique; counsel caregivers to avoid traction.

O

• Otitis Media with Effusion — Management

  Middle ear effusion without acute infection; watchful waiting and hearing evaluation; consider tympanostomy tubes for persistent bilateral OME with hearing loss or developmental risk.

P

• Pediatric Asthma Exacerbation - ED Management

  Give short acting beta agonist with ipratropium in moderate to severe cases, systemic steroids early, and consider magnesium sulfate or continuous nebulization for severe exacerbations.
• Pediatric Dehydration - Oral Rehydration and IV Fluids

  Use oral rehydration for mild to moderate dehydration, isotonic IV fluids when severe or unable to tolerate PO, and correct electrolytes carefully.
• Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis - ICU Management of Fluids and Electrolytes

  Initiate isotonic fluids, insulin infusion after volume resuscitation, avoid rapid sodium changes, monitor for cerebral injury, and replace electrolytes including potassium and phosphate.
• Pediatric Head Injury - PECARN Imaging Decision Rules

  Use PECARN criteria to identify children at very low risk for clinically important traumatic brain injury and avoid unnecessary CT scans.
• Pediatric Sepsis - Early Recognition, Fluids, and Vasoactive Support

  Identify sepsis with abnormal perfusion and mental status; give timely antibiotics, cautious fluid resuscitation, and start vasoactive agents when shock persists.
• Pyloric Stenosis - Ultrasound Diagnosis and Preoperative Resuscitation

  Projectile non bilious vomiting and weight loss in young infants suggest pyloric stenosis; confirm with ultrasound, correct dehydration and electrolytes, and arrange pyloromyotomy.