Key Points
- Triad: hypoxemia, cerebral involvement, petechiae after long‑bone trauma.
- Management is supportive; prioritize early fracture fixation to reduce risk.
- Steroids remain controversial—follow local protocol.
Algorithm
- Primary survey and stabilization; focused history and exam.
- Order high‑yield tests first; escalate imaging as indicated.
- Initiate disease‑specific therapy and supportive care.
- Reassess clinical response; arrange consultation and disposition.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
After long‑bone fracture or orthopedic trauma, patient develops hypoxemia, neurologic changes, and petechial rash—consistent with fat embolism syndrome (FES). Use clinical criteria (Gurd, Schonfeld) recognizing imperfect sensitivity. Early fracture fixation reduces risk. Point‑of‑care ultrasound and CT can rule competing diagnoses; MRI brain may show 'starfield' pattern in severe cases.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Supportive management: oxygenation, lung‑protective ventilation when ARDS develops, hemodynamic care, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. Corticosteroids remain controversial; if used, apply center‑specific protocol. Early orthopedic consultation for fixation.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Epidemiology varies by setting; see citations for details.
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ABG/Pulse oximetry | Assess hypoxemia | ↓PaO2/SpO2 | — |
| CBC/Platelets | Support criteria | Thrombocytopenia, anemia | — |
| CXR/CT chest | Exclude PE/pneumonia; ARDS | Bilateral infiltrates | — |
| MRI brain (select) | Neurologic involvement | 'Starfield' pattern | Severe encephalopathy |
Pharmacology
| Medication | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxygen | — | Immediate | Correct hypoxemia | — |
| Low‑dose heparin (VTE prophylaxis) | Anticoagulant | Hours | Prevent VTE | Bleeding risk |
Prognosis / Complications
- Prognosis depends on timeliness of diagnosis, comorbid disease, and response to therapy.
Patient Education / Counseling
- Explain expected course, warning signs requiring urgent care, and follow‑up testing.
- Review medication use, interactions, and monitoring parameters.