Key Points
- Use the highest‑yield diagnostic test early; do not let testing delay time‑critical therapy.
- Set objective targets and reassess frequently.
- Plan definitive source control or disease‑specific therapy when indicated; document follow‑up and patient education.
Algorithm
- Assess airway/safety; rule out other causes; identify precipitants.
- Start lactulose and titrate to 2–3 soft stools/day; add rifaximin for secondary prevention.
- Address nutrition (adequate protein), avoid sedatives, and arrange follow‑up with hepatology.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
Neuropsychiatric dysfunction in cirrhosis. Exclude alternative causes, correct precipitants (GI bleed, infection, dehydration), and treat with lactulose titrated to 2–3 soft stools/day plus rifaximin for prevention of recurrence; counsel on protein intake and avoid sedatives.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Stabilize ABCs. Initiate guideline‑concordant first‑line therapy with precise dosing and continuous monitoring. Escalate to advanced/procedural interventions based on explicit failure criteria. Define ICU, step‑down, and ward disposition triggers; involve specialty teams early.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Risk varies by comorbidity and precipitants; see citations for condition‑specific data.
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|
| Ammonia (supportive), infection screen, electrolytes | Etiology | Identify precipitant; ammonia not diagnostic alone | — |
| Asterixis/mental status staging (West Haven) | Severity | Grade encephalopathy | Serial exams |
| CT head (atypical focal deficits/trauma) | Rule out alternate | ICH, stroke | — |
High-Risk & Disposition Triggers
| Trigger | Why it matters | Action |
|---|
| Airway compromise or severe agitation | Aspiration risk | ICU; airway protection |
| GI bleeding, infection, or dehydration | Common precipitants | Treat source; volume resuscitation |
| Renal failure or hyponatremia | Worse outcomes | Optimize fluids; nephrology |
| Refractory HE despite therapy | Recurrent admissions | Evaluate for TIPS reversal or transplant |
| Unreliable social support | Safety | Arrange caregiver support; consider admission |
Pharmacology
| Medication/Intervention | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|
| Lactulose 25 mL PO/NG q1–2 h until catharsis then 2–3/day | Ammonia reduction | Hours | First‑line | Rectal route if unable to take PO |
| Rifaximin 550 mg PO BID (add‑on) | Nonabsorbable antibiotic | Days | Reduce recurrence | Cost considerations |
| Treat precipitants (e.g., antibiotics for SBP, stop sedatives) | Source control | Hours | Prevent recurrence | — |
Prognosis / Complications
- Outcome depends on timeliness of diagnosis and definitive therapy; monitor for complications.
Patient Education / Counseling
- Provide red‑flag education, adherence guidance, and explicit return precautions; arrange timely specialty follow‑up.
References
- AASLD practice guidance on hepatic encephalopathy — Link