Key Points
- Confirm diagnosis early with highest‑yield tests (and do not let testing delay time‑critical therapy).
- Use explicit hemodynamic, respiratory, and neurologic targets to guide escalation.
- Document disposition criteria, follow‑up, and patient education before discharge.
Algorithm
- Stabilize ABCs; treat seizures (benzodiazepine → levetiracetam).
- Obtain MRI brain with FLAIR/DWI; consider MRV if CVST suspected.
- Identify and stop the trigger (calcineurin inhibitors, cytotoxics).
- Control BP (goal ~25% MAP reduction over 24–48 h; avoid rapid drops).
- If eclampsia → magnesium sulfate; expedite obstetric management.
- Correct precipitants (renal failure, autoimmune flare).
- ICU vs ward based on mental status and BP control needs.
- Follow neurologic exam; repeat MRI if atypical course or deficits persist.
- Plan antiepileptic taper over weeks if seizures controlled and MRI resolves.
Clinical Synopsis & Reasoning
Headache, encephalopathy, visual symptoms, and seizures in the setting of acute BP fluctuation, cytotoxic therapy, autoimmune disease, or eclampsia. MRI shows posterior‑predominant vasogenic edema. Treat by removing the trigger, controlled BP reduction, magnesium in eclampsia, and antiepileptics; most cases improve within days to weeks.
Treatment Strategy & Disposition
Stabilize ABCs. Initiate guideline‑concordant first‑line therapy with precise dosing and continuous monitoring. Escalate to advanced or procedural interventions when predefined failure criteria are met. Define ICU, step‑down, and ward disposition triggers explicitly, and arrange specialty consultation early.
Epidemiology / Risk Factors
- Risk varies by comorbidity and precipitating factors
Investigations
| Test | Role / Rationale | Typical Findings | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| CBC | Anemia/leukocytosis | Context‑specific | Trend response |
| BMP | Electrolytes/renal | Derangements common | Renal dosing/monitoring |
| Condition‑specific imaging | Per topic | Diagnostic hallmark | Do not delay with red flags |
| MRI brain with FLAIR/DWI | Diagnosis | Posterior‑predominant vasogenic edema | Rule out infarct/hemorrhage |
| Lumbar puncture (selected) | Exclude infection/autoimmune | Mild protein elevation | Not routinely required |
Pharmacology
| Medication | Mechanism | Onset | Role in Therapy | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nicardipine/Clevidipine | DHP CCB | Minutes | Controlled BP reduction | Avoid precipitous drops |
| Levetiracetam | SV2A modulator | Hours | Seizure control | Somnolence |
| Magnesium sulfate (eclampsia) | Vasodilator/anticonvulsant | Minutes | Pre‑eclampsia/eclampsia | Monitor reflexes/respiration |
Prognosis / Complications
- Outcome depends on timeliness of diagnosis and definitive therapy
Patient Education / Counseling
- Explain red flags, adherence, and the follow‑up plan; provide written instructions.
References
- See bibliography — Link